χ = V − E + F = 0
Every quad mesh on a torus obeys the Euler characteristic zero: each node carries exactly two edges (one u, one v) and one face. Genus 1 — one handle, one hole.

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Torus (3, 2) · living lattice
x = (R + r·cos v)·cos u, K = cos v / [ r(R + r·cos v) ]
R = 1.00 r = 0.38 V = 128 χ = 0
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T(R=1.00, r=0.38) · knot (3, 2)
Ring torus: the hole is open, every node lies on a smooth embedded surface. Nodes are coloured by Gaussian curvature — outer ring positive, top/bottom circles zero, inner throat negative; their integral over the whole surface is exactly 0.
Every quad mesh on a torus obeys the Euler characteristic zero: each node carries exactly two edges (one u, one v) and one face. Genus 1 — one handle, one hole.
The first homology group is ℤ ⊕ ℤ: the meridian (around the tube) and the longitude (around the axis). Neither can be contracted to a point, which is why toroidal fields are self-sustaining.
K = cos v / (r(R + r cos v)) is positive on the outer equator, zero on the top and bottom circles and negative on the inner throat. Gauss–Bonnet: ∫K dA = 2πχ = 0.
R > r gives a ring torus, R = r a horn torus (the hole closes to a point), R < r a self-intersecting spindle torus.
A closed curve winding p times around the axis and q times through the hole. When gcd(p, q) = 1 it is a single knot — (2,3) is the trefoil; otherwise it splits into gcd(p, q) linked strands.
Cutting along both cycles unrolls the torus to a rectangle with opposite edges identified — the same wrap-around space in which the node lattice above is periodic.