MONAD GRAPhi-X
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Chémia
Science lab page · one study surface at a time.
H₂O · bent · 104.5°
Two lone pairs squeeze the H–O–H angle below the tetrahedral 109.5°. The unbalanced O–H dipoles do not cancel, so water is strongly polar — this is what makes hydrogen bonding, surface tension and solvation possible.
| bond | order | ΔEN | character | ionic % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| O–H | 1 | 1.24 | polar covalent | 32% |
| O–H | 1 | 1.24 | polar covalent | 32% |
Net dipole μ = 1.85 D — bonds are drawn as quadratic Bézier curves whose control point is offset perpendicular to the internuclear axis.
Ensemble · living bonds
U(r) = 4ε[(σ/r)¹² − (σ/r)⁶] + k·q₁q₂/r
ε = 0.60 σ = 0.22 T = 0.12 N = 28
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Particle attraction & coupling
Lennard-Jones potential U(r) = 4ε[(σ/r)¹² − (σ/r)⁶] plus a Coulomb term kq₁q₂/r for charge attraction.
coupled pairs
0
r < 1.25σ
mean pair energy
0.000
negative ⇒ bound state
phase
gas
raise ε or lower temperature to condense